Here, we identified the non–central nervous system caffeine mechanisms modulation, as most are still unknown or controversial, highlighting its influence in the peripheral system and its essential and crucial impacts on the human’s organism adaptation. In contrast, some data indicate that caffeine may increase blood glucose and might impair glucose uptake in skeletal muscles, resulting in an imbalance in. This review summarizes the most relevant classical and current literature available regarding the use of caffeine in different metabolic situations, such as oxidative and inflammatory status, as well as anaerobic and aerobic physical exercises. Although peripheral tissues such as the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes are also impacted, there is a deficit of recognized mechanisms in systemic metabolism when compared to caffeine action in the central nervous system. As such, caffeine has been consumed by athletes from different sports modalities, with positive and negative effects declared.
When caffeine wins, it not only prevents adenosine from doing its job, but. Because caffeine is shaped like adenosine, the two compete to bind to receptors in the brain. Caffeine intake has also shown ergogenic effects, which are attributed to different factors, such as enhanced substrate utilization, fatigue delay, and alertness. The shape of the caffeine molecule is similar to that of adenosine, a molecule that calms brain activity, dilates blood vessels and promotes relaxation to help us fall asleep. Nonetheless, caffeine has been related to other beneficial effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions that are extremely important to human health, altering the cellular redox and inflammatory status in a dose-dependent manner. Its consumption triggers arousal and alertness, improves mood, and causes the release of catecholamines, which induce beneficial effects on human behavior. Caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid compound, is consumed widely and daily by humans, as it is present in several regular beverages such as tea, coffee, soda beverages, and some drugs.
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